Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

What is eczema?

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a long-term skin condition characterized by red, itchy, and dry patches. While more prevalent during childhood, eczema can afflict individuals of all ages. It often manifests on the face, insides of the arms, or the back of the knees. Asthma or seasonal allergies frequently accompany eczema, and a genetic predisposition can also be a factor. Although not life-threatening or contagious, managing eczema is crucial to alleviate discomfort.

What causes eczema?

The precise cause of eczema remains unidentified, but several elements including environmental conditions, genetics, and immune system reactions contribute. Some eczema sufferers possess a mutation related to keratin, a skin protein. This mutation might result in increased water loss from the skin, making it vulnerable to irritants. Associated conditions, such as asthma or allergies, can further complicate matters. The "hygiene hypothesis" posits that overly sanitized modern lifestyles might increase susceptibility to reactions against innocuous substances.

What are the symptoms of eczema?

Eczema's appearance and intensity can fluctuate. Common symptoms include:

• Dry or scaly patches

• Red, inflamed, raised spots

• Occasional blisters with discharge

How do I treat eczema?

Managing eczema is paramount to protect the skin and prevent complications. As eczema is chronic, it is important to come up with a treatment plan that will be feasible for long-term maintenance. It's advisable to bathe daily with lukewarm water, aiding in removing potential irritants, and to employ humidifiers in dry conditions. Common treatments include:

• Regular moisturization to retain skin hydration

• Topical corticosteroids to address inflammation

• Antihistamines for itch relief

• Antibiotics for bacterial skin infections

• Phototherapy sessions

• Topical immunomodulators like Tacrolimus

• Topical PDE4 inhibitors such as Eucrisa

• Systemic medications including cyclosporine, methotrexate, or azathioprine

• Biologics, with dupilumab being a noteworthy option

• JAK inhibitors, topical and oral medicines targeting specific immune responses

How do I prevent eczema?

Prevention methods center around mitigating triggers and bolstering skin health:

• Bathe in lukewarm saltwater to hydrate skin, avoiding excessive showers which may desiccate it.

• Opt for silk clothing which is gentler on the skin, steering clear of irritants like wool.

• Choose hypoallergenic and unscented products, especially soaps and detergents, suitable for eczema-prone skin.